received his MD from Harvard Medical School and his PhD from Harvard Graduate school of Arts and Sciences in 1986, with research focusing on cell development and neurophysiology. He received his neurosurgical training at UCLA and with a Merritt-Putnam fellowship in functional neurosurgery at Yale Medical School, focusing on basic neurophysiological mechanisms of neural synchronization. He currently holds the George A. Lopez, MD Endowed Chair in Neurosurgery at MGH and is co-founder of the MGH Multidisciplinary Facial Pain program.